Despite the fact that today's construction technologies are much more versatile and practical, many of us still recall with nostalgia grandmother's huts and houses in villages. And some were lucky enough to find real huts-huts. In fact, this technology of construction from natural materials is called a tourist house, and it was not only ancient, but also very widespread. And all because, despite the apparent simplicity, she coped well with the tasks assigned to her.
It is difficult to say exactly when to count the history of the emergence of turluch house construction technology. Indeed, despite the fact that they have a rather long operating period, the materials do not allow them to be preserved for centuries. We can only assume that it is one of the oldest in the territories where it has spread. The reason for this opinion is the simplicity in the search for material for construction and the absence of any requirements for its processing, as is the case with the same stone, for example.
The very term "turluk" is Turkic in origin. This fact alone suggests that they were distributed at least in Central Asia, as well as in the Caucasus, Kuban and Ukraine. At the same time, there are still several names for such houses: at different times and places they could be called turluchnye, wicker huts, wattle huts.
Interesting fact: In rare cases, turluk is called not only houses, but also wicker fences, in which wattle is also used.
In simple words, tourist houses were built from wattle fence, which was later coated with a mixture of clay and straw. In this way, not only residential premises were erected, but also outbuildings. Despite the fact that there are not so many such houses today, the principle of erecting a building using a single-row or double-row wattle fence is well understood. In addition, connoisseurs also know the differences in the construction of huts in different regions of their distribution.
For example, tourist houses were very popular among the Ossetians and Chechens. However, unlike the same Kuban huts, they built houses quite long, because they were supposed to be divided into male and female halves. In addition, the structure was surrounded by a kind of narrow gallery, which in fact were greatly enlarged roof overhangs on support pillars. Such an interesting choice of design was due to the fact that it was necessary to protect the walls from moisture. In addition, the canopy was often used for household work.
In the Kuban Cossack villages, construction had slightly different traditions. So, the overhang of the roof was not made large and covered with thatch. But the walls, on the contrary, were built thicker than those of the Chechens and Ossetians. And the very shape of the building was chosen close to a square, and not to a long rectangle - this was explained by the peculiarities of the Kuban way of life.
In fact, we can say that the tourist technology was in some way brought to the Kuban villages from historical predecessors - the Zaporozhye Cossacks. This is how they built their smoking houses, however, they were just long and narrow. This difference in the silhouettes of the houses is due to the geographical location: the Zaporozhye Sichs were located at the Dnieper rapids, often on the islands. The winters there were rather damp and cold, and narrow rectangular houses were easier to heat, and accommodating a large number of residents was also easier.
The tourist house had a number of advantages: cheapness and availability of materials, the construction process did not require serious labor and time resources. In addition, the simplicity of the construction technology did not prevent huts and tourist houses from being warm in winter, cool in summer. And many of those who chose this type of house for construction also lived in paramilitary conditions - the same Cossacks, for example - and therefore, if they did not escape, the huts were much easier to restore and not so sorry lose.
The construction itself took place as follows: the posts for the wattle fence were installed in one row, if a stable, barn, or other utility rooms were planned, and in two rows for residential buildings. The distance between the rows of the wattle fence also varied depending on the climate. Where it is cold, the gap reached 70 centimeters, and in warmer areas up to 40 centimeters.
For the wattle fence itself, young trunks with a diameter of 5 to 15 centimeters were taken, and intertwined with a vine, sometimes with thin bundles of reeds or straw. The coating was carried out with a mixture of chopped straw and clay. This process was repeated several times: first, they made a binder, a relatively liquid layer, the second time they smeared it with a thicker mixture, forming the walls. And the third, final layer today would be called the finish. After drying, the finished walls were necessarily whitewashed with lime.
The roof for the hut was usually made of a gable, with a flooring of poles. Thick bundles of straw were chosen as the roofing material. A canopy was always built over the porch. But the windows in tourist houses, especially older ones, are small. Still, glass was very expensive back then. Later buildings already had larger window openings.
Another interesting feature of the hut was that most of them do not have the foundation we are used to. Turluks were indeed often placed directly on the ground, and the floor was also arranged along it. Variants with a foundation also existed, but they were much less common: there the wattle was, as it were, embedded in the stone masonry.
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Today, the technology of huts and tourist houses is practically not found. Very rarely, its use can be seen for outbuildings in villages. However, in some settlements, the original huts are still preserved, or they can definitely be seen in modern ethnographic open-air museums.
In addition to the topic: The phenomenon of a dugout: how it is built, and why this type of dwelling is still in great demand
Write in the comments what do you think about this?
A source: https://novate.ru/blogs/140321/58188/
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