Electricity in a house and apartment is no less important than plumbing, sewerage and heating. The comfort and safety of residents depends on the quality of power supply.
Electrical installation requires some knowledge and practical experience. Errors can lead to failure of expensive household appliances, endless false positives of protection. Inadequate wiring often causes fire and electric shock.
Let's take a look at common mistakes.
6. Selection of cheap components
Sockets, junction boxes, switches, protection devices of unknown manufacturers often do not correspond to the specified characteristics. They often overheat and fail. In the best case, you will have to replace defective products afterwards.
It is better to buy components from the official representatives of electrical manufacturers. These companies have a dealer or distributor certificate.
When buying wires, electrical devices and installation products in the store, you need to pay attention to the packaging. Most of the well-known manufacturers protect their products from counterfeiting and supply them in branded packaging with holograms.
5. Incorrectly executed scheme
To complete the wiring diagram, you can copy the apartment plan and mark on it the location of lines, protection devices, wiring accessories, stationary consumers. When compiling, you can be guided by the requirements of SP 256.1325800.2016.
When installing an electrician, it is necessary to provide for separate branches for stationary devices and equipment with a capacity of more than 1.5 kW. In a private house where pumps are used, home machines are better off feeding power equipment from a separate line protected by an automatic machine.
The wiring line to the outlets in the bathrooms for flow heaters, heated towel rails, household appliances will need to be protected by UDT with a rated residual current (I∆n) not exceeding 30 mA.
4. Wrong choice of wires
For wiring it is required to use a cable in self-extinguishing non-combustible insulation with copper conductors. Recommended brands for concealed wiring are VVGng or VVGng-LS. The section is selected based on the calculations according to the tables specified in the PUE 1.3.4. and 1.3.5.
For lighting groups, a cross section of 1.5 mm2 is sufficient, for outlets where it is planned to connect devices up to 3.5 kW, a wire with 2.5 mm2 wires is needed. At higher power, choose a cable with a cross section at the rate of 1 mm2 for every 5 A.
3. Incorrect connection
Electrics for single-phase electrical installations of buildings are made according to a three-wire circuit. When making connections, it is important not to mix up the phase, neutral and protective conductors. For convenience, the insulation of conductors has a different color in accordance with GOST 33542-2015 (see. my article about color coding of conductors)
Electrical installations of apartments can also be three-phase. Then the color coding of the conductors is used as follows:
2. Wrong connection of switches
One of the most common mistakes is incorrect connection of switches. This is common among both novice and experienced electricians.
When installing the lighting branch, the switch is installed in the gap of the phase conductor. The correctness of the connection must be checked with a phase indicator. Otherwise, simple replacement of the light bulb may result in electrical injury.
1. Making wiring from pieces of wires
When performing a wiring diagram, you need to have a plan of a house or apartment or measure the length of the proposed routes. The cable length is usually chosen with a margin of 5-10%. All connections are made via terminals or in special boxes. It is strictly forbidden to twist the conductors. The contact point of the 2 wires becomes hot and may cause a fire.
After connecting and connecting all the wires, you need to inspect the connection points and check the correctness of the circuit with a tester.
Conclusion
All steps are important when posting. Even damage to the core when cleaning the insulation without a special tool can lead to unpleasant consequences. The cost of correcting errors will be much higher than the savings. In the absence of special knowledge and skills, it is better not to take on wiring devices.