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Ever wondered why so many calibers handguns have fractional notation? For example, 7.62 mm, 5.56 mm or 5.45 mm? Why gunsmiths create such a strange bullet caliber and easier to "cut" incomprehensible tails to whole numbers? Generally caliber weapons is complex and subtle thing, so you should understand in order.
To get started is to know and remember that all of the above designations are given in the metric system of measurement, which was adopted relatively recently (early 20th century). To "m" and "gram" people used in the Old World feet, inches, lines and dots. Accordingly, all of the weapons are designed with the use of this system. Many calibres of small arms are translated to the old values, as a result, they are in the metric system of integer values turned into fractions.
Today, only three countries in the world have officially adopted the metric system. One of these countries - the United States. There caliber weapons still point in inches. For example, .30 caliber (0.3 inches) - a domestic 7.62 mm. A stern-gun caliber .50 - it is quite usual 12.7 mm. It is important to understand that all these bullets were designed in the early XX century, before the general adoption of the metric system.
Finally, it should be understood that the figures caliber weapons designers are not taken from the ceiling. All of them are produced by complicated ballistic calculations. Is a science, therefore, if the metric system of measurement has always existed, the gauges have known weapons the result would still be the same, and all because of war with the laws of physics, as opposed to other people - it is useless.
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A source: https://novate.ru/blogs/010918/47640/