Dark and black spots on the surface of juicy fruits and green leaves are an indicator of a serious attack on the pepper. The culprits of the occurrence are diseases, pests, the influence of external factors or bacterial infections. It is very important to establish the correct cause - the chosen option of subsequent treatment and care depends on it. And you should also determine how much the problem that has arisen is dangerous for other seedlings and whether there is a need to isolate the pepper.
I would attribute the following factors to the most common dangers for a vegetable.
Alternaria
A fungus that can kill peppers. Hot weather and frequent rains contribute to its emergence and reproduction. The characteristic symptoms include local areas of blackening, on fruits and leaves they begin to appear from below and gradually move upward. They have a dark (almost black) plaque color. As the infestation progresses, the spots enlarge and coalesce. Therapeutic measures include the use of strobilurin-based products and spraying with fungicides (for example, "Cumulus").
Phytophthora
Another fungal pathogen. Most often caused by low air and water temperatures. The enemy of all nightshades lives in the soil and is extremely dangerous not only for peppers, but also for tomatoes and potatoes. It is especially active during the ripening period of vegetables in the middle of summer. Spots go all over the plant, a whitish spore bloom forms on top of the dark areas. For treatment, the bushes are sequentially watered with "Alirin-B", "Fitosporin-M", then the tops are sprayed with "Quadris".
Fusarium
I would classify this infection as the most dangerous, since it practically cannot be determined in the early stages, characteristic signs appear when the pepper is no longer subject to treatment. It starts with wilting of leaves with good external factors: regular watering and a warm climate. Leaves and stalks brighten over time, and then turn black and crack. The disease itself remains in the soil of the infected bed for several years and poses a danger to further planting. There is no treatment as such, at one time I completely replaced the soil in the diseased area.
Rot
Pepper and black pepper are most often affected. The first is caused by a virus and occurs when there is a lack of calcium and irregular watering. Determined by large black lesions on the fetus. It is treated with regular calcium supplements. The second type of rot is caused by a fungus, from which the vegetables, stems and leaves themselves suffer. After the appearance of dark gray spots, you literally have 5-6 days to solve the problem, then the plant dies. The most common reason for its appearance is excessive moisture and overcrowding of seedlings.
Pests
The most common parasites that cause fruit blackening are spider mites. Hot weather with stuffy air and excessive humidity in the beds contribute to their spread. Blackness develops from many small black dots, which eventually merge into one large spot, more often not even black, but brown. Plants, when ticks are active, are confused with each other, quickly begin to wither and dry. To combat these small insects, I use a cool solution of laundry soap (200 g per 5 l), which I thoroughly spray the bushes with. For fruits, this method is absolutely harmless.
Unfortunately, most diseases caused by bacteria cannot be cured. The same black rot cannot be eradicated. The only way to fight is to eliminate the infected bush and stop the spread of the infection.
Read also: Cucumber leaves turn yellow - how to fight?
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