This article is an exception to the rule and it is not about the "electrician", but on a topic that is relevant to me, which I had to study in recent days. As a result, an article was born with some information, at least useful for me. I hope it will be interesting and useful to you.
When calculating the heating system, it is necessary to take into account the method of connecting heating devices (radiator, convector, etc.) as one of the factors influencing its operation. There are the following methods for connecting heating devices, which are used depending on both their design features and the decisions taken on the laying of pipelines.
One-way connection (fig. 1 and fig. 4). In this scheme, the coolant is supplied through the pipeline from the top, the outlet is from the bottom, from the same side. The variant shown in Figure 4 is implemented using a special valve, which makes this connection more compact.
Two-way connection (fig. 2). Here, the supply of the coolant is carried out from the top of one side, the outlet from the bottom of the other. Bilateral saddle connection (fig. 3). This scheme is used in a one-pipe heating system. The supply and return pipelines are connected to the device from the bottom, but from different sides.
On some models of heating devices, the use of a special valve allows you to arrange a short bypass section (Fig. 5). Also, with a one-pipe system, radiators with a central connection of the return and supply pipelines are used (Fig. 6).
When calculating the heating system, it is imperative to take into account the decrease in heat output due to the way the heating devices are connected to the network. A decrease in power occurs due to the fact that the coolant flows through the heater unevenly, therefore, zones with reduced heat transfer appear on its surface.
When one-sided device is connected, for example, a heating battery with a built-in thermostat, or two-sided connection, with the upper arrangement of the supply pipeline during operation, the decrease in power is practically not going on.
Small power reductions may occur when the flow rate of the heat carrier deviates from the nominal value. With a bottom connection, the power loss can reach 20%, and with a one-sided bottom connection (which is mainly used for one-pipe systems), the power reduction can reach 15%.
The way of installing it also has a very large effect on the heat transfer of the heating device. The most common installations of devices are in front of a wall or in a niche. The minimum distance from the wall to the heating appliance must be 50 mm and from the floor 100 mm. At such distances, there will be no heat loss. When installing heating devices in niches or under window sills with cladding panels, the loss of thermal energy will be about 15%.
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