Each capital building stands on the foundation. From his correct calculation and execution depends on the reliability and the service life of the building. Of all the foundation of the most popular options, and will be relatively simple belt without spending much. It is easily carried out on its own and without using specialized equipment.
What materials are needed to build the foundation
Before you begin work on the construction of the foundation, it is necessary to pre-calculate the demand for construction materials because of its configuration. This depression in the ground strip of concrete. She performed with such dimensions that it is securely relied construction of the wall.
Taking into account the purpose of the future structure, deepening in the soil varies from 1.5 m to 1.7 m (multi-storey buildings) and less than 1.5 m - for low-rise.
During the construction materials are required:
• concrete strength class no lower than B15 (M200). Brand demanded: D20 (M250), V22.5 (M300), B25 (M350);
• clean sand for filling;
• crushed stone or gravel as aggregate fraction from 20 to 40 mm;
• diameter metal rods 8 - 14 mm. For summer construction enough rods with a diameter of 8 mm.
When laying the foundation is not applied lime and broken brick, it will negatively affect the strength.
Advantages and disadvantages
During the construction of a private house this type of foundation is very common. He has a number of indisputable advantages:
• resistant to stress and reliable construction;
• during the construction does not require special equipment;
• lays the ground of any density;
• recessed, the high walls of the foundation are reliable designs the basement of the building.
Enumeration deficiencies such a foundation is very small in comparison with the advantages:
• You need a thorough study of the soil mobility of its structure and behavior in winter;
• a large mass of the foundation requires a lot of consumables.
The main stages of construction of the foundation
Making the foundation is divided into three stages:
1. Planning axes and marking them on the spot. For this purpose it is necessary to align the height of the entire construction site. Large differences into account when digging. Performing layout of the axes, not to forget the constant checking of right angles and equal diagonal triangle 3h4h5.
2. Digging trenches, strictly observing the layout axis. The depth will depend on the potential of groundwater, the future structure of the mass, the density of the earth. For residential buildings will be sufficient width of 0.6 m.
3. Tamping with subsequent packing drainage bags, alternating layers of sand and gravel.
Performing formwork
When the trench is ready, construction formwork begins. Pre-need to stock up on the calculated in advance the number of planks and bars. Formwork - a wooden box of the rigid structure, installed in the trench and extending above it. It is important to preserve the integrity of its building and to sheathe the inside with roofing material.
To impart strength shuttering wall webs are bonded via 2 or 3 m. Important to firmly standing formwork for poured concrete mass.
If the wooden blocks and planks will be maintained for future use, then they are removed with care, without damage.
How to put the valve, fill and seal the foundation
After installation of the formwork is laid on the bottom of the trench fittings welded to a steel structure. Durability depends upon the thickness of the foundation rods and their number. The more, the foundation stronger.
Mixer for self-use solution. The proportions of components to be mixed depends on the grade of concrete.
The prepared concrete mix is poured into the trench up to the level indicated on the formwork, horizontally leveled and straight.
If the foundation is very large, using special vibrators that deepen into the solution. They kicked out the air, make the concrete very durable and uniform.
Once the foundation is ready and shuttering is removed, it is treated with surface waterproofing. View it depends on the soil at the site. For soils with sand well the lungs (protivokapillyarnaya) waterproofing, for clay soil - average (protivonapornaya).
To track include: bitumen resin emulsion asphalt mastic. By the middle - mineral or bituminous waterproof sealant, polymer membranes.
Properly executed and well hydroisolated foundation will be strong, do not require much repair, give the structure a long life.